How Caffeine Has Fueled History

[Narrator] 90% Of the world's adults consume some form

of caffeine every day,

making it the most widely used psychoactive drug on earth.

Michael Pollan, best-selling author of books

on plant pharmacology explains why.

A very strong case can be made that caffeine contributed

to the Enlightenment and the Age of Reason

and the Industrial Revolution,

all of which required us to think

in much more focused, linear terms.

Caffeine was an amazing aid to the rise of capitalism.

[contemplative music]

[Narrator] Compared to other beverages,

coffee is a relative newcomer,

spreading slowly from Africa,

through the Middle East

and into the West only a few centuries ago.

Yet, it's hard to even imagine a world without it.

Before caffeine comes to Europe,

people were drunk or buzzed most of the day.

People would have alcohol with breakfast.

Water was contaminated with disease,

but alcohol, because of the fermentation process,

would kill a lot of microbes.

So you gave your kids hard cider in the morning.

There were beer breaks on farms.

People addled on alcohol are not gonna be so rational,

are not gonna be so linear in their thinking

and are not gonna be so energetic.

[Narrator] Coffee consumption,

along with tea and chocolate, all of which have caffeine,

became widespread in Europe in the 17th century,

and coffee houses popped up all over London.

So there were coffee houses dedicated to literature,

and writers and poets would congregate there.

There was a coffee house dedicated to selling stock,

and that turned into the London Stock Exchange, eventually.

There was another one dedicated to science,

tied to the Royal Institution

where great scientists of the period would get together,

and Isaac Newton was a big coffee fan,

Voltaire, the Enlightenment figure,

apparently had 72 cups a day.

I don't know quite how you do that.

Diderot wrote the encyclopedia on caffeine.

This new, sober,

more civil drink was changing the way people thought

and the way they worked.

Once you're doing work with machinery, indoors,

doing double-entry bookkeeping

and all that kind of head work,

alcohol is the wrong drug,

and caffeine is the right drug.

Caffeine allows you also to break your ties

to the rhythms of the sun.

Before caffeine, basically,

people started work when the sun came up

and stopped when it went down.

With caffeine and with light or gas light,

you could have a night shift,

you could now have an overnight shift.

[Narrator] It's not hard to see a through-line

from coffeed-up workers keeping up

with the pace of the machines in the factories,

to the rise of office culture

and the establishment of the coffee break in the 1950s.

Caffeine has made us super productive.

There's a very interesting body of research

that suggests that caffeine does improve focus and memory

and the ability to learn.

So it seems to help us lock in memories.

As for focus, it increases our ability

to concentrate on a task,

it's incredibly important for modern work.

[Narrator] And of course,

caffeine also gives us a burst of energy, but how exactly?

Coffee has less than five calories.

Caffeine seemed to be in violation of the laws

of thermodynamics.

Essentially, caffeine borrows energy from your future

and gives it to you in the present.

Caffeine occupies a receptor that normally is occupied

by a chemical called adenosine,

and this is the chemical that,

over the course of the day,

builds up and makes you feel tired

and prepares the brain for sleep.

Caffeine gets in there and blocks that receptor

so you never feel that tiredness.

[Narrator] Right, and that's the catch.

Caffeine messes with your sleep

because four to six hours after you drink it,

half of it is still swirling around in your body.

But even if you cut it out earlier in the day,

the quality of your sleep may suffer.

Not the quantity, necessarily, but the quality.

By which, I mean your deep sleep, your slow wave sleep,

a kind of sleep that's dreamless and very deep

and is very important to kind of brain hygiene.

That's where your brain kind of takes out the garbage

every night and cleans up the desktop.

And that kind of sleep suffers.

So there's no free lunch, right, in nature and in medicine.

[Narrator] So is the price we pay

for poor sleep worth the benefits that caffeine gives us?

There've been decades of research into caffeine,

and the current research is that, on balance,

it contributes much more to your health than it takes away.

And that it's protective against many kinds of cancer,

cardiovascular disease, Parkinson's, dementia.

In the American diet,

coffee and tea represent the single biggest source

of antioxidants,

and antioxidants are very important to cellular health

and preventing cancer.

And we eat so few plants,

so few vegetables and fruit in this country,

that we're getting most of those antioxidants

from coffee and tea.

It's kind of remarkable

that it has such a clean bill of health

with that one exception of what it does to your sleep

or what it can do to your sleep.

[Narrator] Right.

Caffeine ruins our sleep

so that the next morning we reach for more caffeine

and the cycle of addiction continues.

You know, we tend to moralize addiction,

but is it really a bad thing to be dependent on a plant

that you have easy access to, you can afford,

that isn't ruining your life and is giving you some benefit?

The way in which individuals are addicted

to caffeine is mirrored in our society.

We have organized our society in such a way

with, like, globe-spanning trade, working long hours

and changing the climate and changing the environment.

We have created a world in which caffeine is indispensable,

and therefore the coffee plant

and the tea plant are indispensable.

And we've created exactly the world they need

in which to thrive.

So, I can't think of a more clever evolutionary strategy.

[contemplative music]